1. 71% of the iron-bearing material (IBM) required
to make crude steel comes from iron ore,
suggesting the potential for increasing
scrap-use in the value chain. For instance, a 15%
increase in overall steel production with
increased EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) and IF
(Induction Furnace) outputs will increase scrap
consumption by 13.4% and lead to savings of 0.8
million tons of iron ore. This reduced extraction
of virgin ore will lead to benefits in terms of
reduced GHG emissions and improvements in
air quality by the avoided processes throughout
the life cycle, from extraction to end-of-life.

2. The study recommends a transition towards
hydrogen-based DRI (H-DRI) technology. A
complete transition to it would translate to
savings of 17 to 19 MT of coal.

1.In the pulp and paper industry, the scope for
increasing efficiency in mills using recovered
paper as the fiber source is significant. The
paper industry depends heavily on imported
waste paper: estimates from this study suggest
that 32% of recovered paper demand is met
by importing recovered paper.

2. The study recommends ensuring the
standardization of the quality of the imported paper. It
is estimated that it could cut the requirement by
0.86 MT (a reduction of 20% from current levels).